Chapter 1: The Cell 1
™ Plasma Membrane 1
™ Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 4
™ Transport Across Membrane 5
™ Cell Fractionation 8
Chapter 2: Enzymes 13
™ Chemical Nature of Enzymes 13
™ Energy of Activation of Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Reactions 14
™ Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis 16
™ Enzyme Inhibition 20
™ Isoenzymes 23
Chapter 3: Chemistry of Carbohydrates 33
™ Classification 33
™ Isomerism in Carbohydrates 35
Chapter 4: Metabolism of Carbohydrates 43
™ Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates 43
™ Metabolism of Carbohydrates 46
™ Glycolysis 47
Chapter 5: Chemistry of Amino Acids and Proteins 90
™ Definition of an a-Amino Acid 90
™ Classification of Amino Acids 93
™ Chromatography 104
Chapter 6: Metabolism of Amino Acids 114
™ Digestion and Absorption of Proteins 114
™ Catabolism of Amino Acids 115
™ Urea Cycle (Krebs–Henseleit Cycle) 117
™ Metabolism of Important Amino Acids 118
Chapter 7: Chemistry of Lipids 133
™ Definition 133
™ Functions of Lipids 133
™ Classification of Lipids 133
Chapter 8: Metabolism of Lipids 148
™ Digestion and Absorption of Lipids 148
™ Oxidation of Fatty Acids 151
™ Alcohol Metabolism 163
™ Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease 171
xiv Handbook of Applied Biochemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics
Chapter 9: Integration of Metabolism and Homeostasis 181
™ Pathways of Metabolism 182
™ Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism During Well-fed State 184
™ Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism During Fasting/Starvation 185
Chapter 10: Hemoglobin Metabolism 194
™ Structure of Hemoglobin 194
™ Compare Myoglobin and Hemoglobin 195
™ Thalassemia 198
™ Sickle Cell Hemoglobin 199
™ Detection of Abnormal Hemoglobin 200
™ Jaundice 205
Chapter 11: Acid–Base Balance 209
™ Buffers 209
™ Acid–Base Disorders 213
™ Mixed Acid–Base Disorders 216
Chapter 12: Biological Oxidation 222
™ Principles of Reduction–Oxidation Reactions 222
™ Structural Organization of Respiratory Chain and Electron
Transport Structure of the Mitochondria 223
™ Organization of the Chain 223
Chapter 13: Hormones 229
™ Pituitary Hormones 231
™ Thyroid Hormones 233
™ Hyperthyroid Diseases 234
™ Parathyroid Hormones 234
™ Adrenal Gland 235
™ Glucocorticoids 235
™ Pancreas 240
™ Female Sex Hormones 240
™ Ovary 241
™ Testes 242
Chapter 14: Immunochemistry 249
™ Humoral and Cellular Immunity 249
™ Vaccine Development 250
™ Immunoglobulin 250
™ Mechanism of Antibody Production 252
™ Human Leukocyte Antigen 257
Chapter 15: Free Radicals and Antioxidants 261
™ Reactive Oxygen Species 262
™ Antioxidants 263
™ Oxidative Stress in Disease 266
Contents xv
Chapter 16: Specialized Proteins 268 ™ Collagen 268 ™ Elastin 269 ™ Keratin 270 ™ Actin 270 ™ Myosin 270 ™ Lens Protein 271
Chapter 17: Vitamins 273 ™ Fat-soluble Vitamins 273 ™ Water-soluble Vitamins 279 ™ B-complex Vitamins 280
Chapter 18: Minerals 294 ™ Calcium (Ca2+) 294 ™ Magnesium (Mg2+) 298 ™ Sodium (Na+) 298 ™ Osmolality 299 ™ Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 300 ™ Potassium (K+) 302 ™ Chloride (Cl−) 306 ™ Iron (Fe) 306 ™ Copper (Cu2+) 309 ™ Zinc (Zn) 310 ™ Manganese (Mn2+) 310 ™ Molybdenum (Mo) 311 ™ Cobalt (Co) 311 ™ Selenium (Se) 311 ™ Fluoride (F) 311 ™ Chromium (Cr) 312 ™ Iodine (I2) 312
Chapter 19: Water and Electrolyte Balance 317 ™ Water Balance 317 ™ Electrolyte Balance 321
Chapter 20: Nutrition and Dietetics 329 ™ Dietary Fiber 332 ™ Measurement of Metabolic Rate or Energy 334 ™ Nutrition-related Diseases 337 ™ Cookery Rules and Preservation of Nutrients 345 ™ Balanced Diet 348 ™ Supplementary/Complementary Foods 358 ™ RDA 358 ™ Types of Infant Feeding 359 ™ Diet for Obesity 360 ™ Diet for Liver Disease 360
xvi Handbook of Applied Biochemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics
™ Diet for Underweight 360
™ Diet for Renal Disease 361
™ Diet for Pre- and Postoperative Period 361
Chapter 21: Organ Function Tests 364
™ Liver Function Tests 364
™ Renal Function Tests 368
™ Thyroid Function Tests 371
Chapter 22: Laboratory Values